ASTHMA is a chronic respiratory condition that affects the airways in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It is characterised by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which can lead to recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Asthma affects people of all ages, but it often starts in childhood and can persist into adulthood
WHAT CAUSES ASTHMA?
The exact cause of asthma is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some common triggers that can worsen asthma symptoms include:
ALLERGENS - Pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mould, and certain foods can trigger asthma symptoms.
AIR IRRITANTS - Tobacco smoke, pollution, strong odours, and chemical fumes.
RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS - Colds, flu, and other viral infections can exacerbate asthma.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY - Exercise-induced asthma is triggered during or after physical activity.
WEATHER CONDITIONS - Cold air, humidity, and sudden weather changes.
STRESS AND EMOTIONS - Intense emotions like stress, anger, or excitement can trigger asthma symptoms.
SYMPTOMS OF ASTHMA
Asthma symptoms vary from person to person, and their intensity can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing (a whistling sound when breathing), chest tightness or pain, and persistent coughing, especially at night or early in the morning. During an asthma attack, symptoms can worsen rapidly, leading to difficulty breathing. If left untreated, severe asthma attacks can be life-threatening, requiring immediate medical attention.
TYPES OF ASTHMA
Asthma can be classified into several types based on its causes and triggers:
ALLERGIC ASTHMA - Triggered by allergens like pollen, dust, or mould.
NON-ALLERGIC ASTHMA - Triggered by factors other than allergens, such as stress, exercise, or infections.
EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA - Symptoms occur during or after physical activity.
OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA - Caused by exposure to workplace irritants, such as chemicals or dust.
CHILDHOOD ASTHMA - Asthma that starts in childhood and may improve or persist into adulthood.
DIAGNOSING ASTHMA
Asthma is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Common tests include:
SPIROMETRY - Measures lung function and airflow.
PEAK FLOW TEST - Assess how quickly you can exhale air.
ALLERGY TESTS - Identifies potential triggers.
BRONCHOPROVOCATION TEST - Evaluates airway sensitivity to specific triggers.
MANAGING AND TREATING ASTHMA
Although asthma has no cure, it can be effectively managed with proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments. The main goals of asthma management are to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve quality of life. Treatment options include:
MEDICATIONS
QUICK-RELIEF INHALERS: Also known as rescue inhalers, these provide immediate relief during an asthma attack (e.g., albuterol).
LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS: These are used daily to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms (e.g., corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers).
AVOIDING TRIGGERS
Identify and avoid allergens or irritants that worsen symptoms. Use air purifiers and keep your living environment clean to minimize exposure to dust and allergens.
MONITORING YOUR SYMPTOMS
Keep a diary to track symptoms, triggers, and medication use. Regularly measure lung function using a peak flow meter. Maintain a healthy diet and exercise regularly (with doctor's approval). Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. Manage stress through relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation.
Living with asthma requires ongoing management and awareness. With the right treatment plan and lifestyle changes, most people with asthma can lead healthy and active lives. It’s important to stay informed, communicate with healthcare providers, and educate family and friends about asthma to ensure proper support during emergencies.
Asthma is a manageable condition, but it requires vigilance and proactive care. Understanding the triggers, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for effectively controlling asthma and reducing its impact on daily life.
